Cuando se intenta combinar dos verbos no auxiliares (algo similar a la conjugación perifrástica española), tiene cierta dificultad elegir entre las formas VERBOINFINITIVO y VERBOING.
VERBOINFINITIVO |
to + VERBOINFINITIVO |
VERBOING (GERUNDIO) |
VERBOING (PARTICIPIO PRESENTE) |
La dificultad se acrecienta ya que puede producirse un uso exclusivo (sólo es posible una de las formas) o un uso alternativo (son posibles más de una forma y, en este caso con o sin cambio de significado o matiz).
En una gran parte de los casos no es posible formular reglas precisas de uso por lo que hay que descender al caso individual. Aún así, pueden detectarse algunos comportamientos frecuentes:
Los casos de duda se plantean con las combinaciones producidas en la secuencia:
VERBONO AUXILIAR | + |
|
+ |
|
Como puede observarse son posibles seis tipos de combinaciones ya que el primer verbo puede ir seguido o no por un objeto y, a continuación, la forma del segundo verbo (VERBOINFINITIVO, to + VERBOINFINITIVO o VERBOING).
No obstante, hay que tener en cuenta que la combinación con VERBOINFINITIVO se utiliza en un limitado número de casos.
Cuando las formas VERBOINFINITIVO y VERBOING pueden ser usadas de manera alternativa, la elección se realiza en base al sentido o matiz que, de manera aproximada, figura en el siguiente cuadro:
GERUNDIO | INFINITIVO |
sentido genérico | sentido concreto |
acción inacabada o incompleta | acción acabada o completa |
acción actual | acción en potencia |
En algunos casos no hay ninguna diferencia de significado entre el gerundio y el infinitivo.
Seguidamente se aporta una tabla (no exhaustiva) de uso de verbos que pueden ir seguidos de:
Para adentrarse en el uso de los verbos compuestos (no auxiliares) es imprescindible el uso de un diccionario con cierto nivel.
VERBO 1 | ( Ø / objeto ) + ( Ø / to ) + ( VERBO2INF/ VERBO2ING) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to admit, admitir | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to advise, aconsejar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to affect, afectar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to afford, permitirse | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to agree, acordar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to allow, permitir | *** | *** | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to announce, anunciar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to ask, pedir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to assume, suponer | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to attempt, intentar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to authorize, autorizar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to avoid, evitar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to beg, rogar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to begin, comenzar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to believe, creer | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to bother, preocupar | *** | *** | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to busy, ponerse | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
can/could (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
can't bear, no poder aguantar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
can't help, no poder ayudar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
can't resist, no poder resistir | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
can't stand, no soportar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to catch, coger, tomar | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to cause, causar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to cease, dejar de, cesar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to choose, elegir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to claim, reclamar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to come, venir | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to command, ordenar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to commence, comenzar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to compel, obligar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to condemn, condenar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to consider, considerar | *** | *** | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to constrain, obligar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to continue, continuar, seguir | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to dare, desafiar, atreverse | inf | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to dare (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to declare, declarar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to decline, decaer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to defy, desobedecer | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to delay, retrasar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to demand, requerir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to deny, negar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to detest, detestar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to discover, descubrir | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to disdain, desdeñar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to dislike, no gustar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to do (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to do | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to dread, temer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to drive, llevar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to elect, elegir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to enable, permitir | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to encourage, animar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to endure, aguantar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to enjoy, disfrutar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to escape, escapar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to expect, esperar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to fail, no conseguir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to fancy, imaginarse | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to feel, sentir | inf | *** | *** | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to find, encontrar | *** | *** | *** | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to finish, acabar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to forbid, prohibir | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to force, forzar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to forget, olvidar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to get, conseguir | *** | *** | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to go, ir | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to hate, odiar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to have, tener | *** | to + inf | *** | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to hear, oir | inf | *** | *** | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to help, ayudar | inf | to + inf | ing | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | *** |
to hope, esperar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to imagine, imaginar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to induce, persuadir | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to inspire , inspirar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to instruct, ordenar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to intend, tener intención | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to invite, invitar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to involve, suponer | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to keep, conservar | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to know, saber, conocer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to learn, aprender | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to leave, irse | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to let, dejar, permitir | inf | *** | *** | obj + inf | *** | *** |
to like, gustar, preferir | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to love, querer | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to make, hacer | inf | to + inf | *** | obj + inf | obj + to + inf | *** |
to manage, poder, lograr | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
may/might (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to mean, significar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to mind, cuidar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to miss, perder | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
must (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to need (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to need, necesitar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to neglect, descuidar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to notice,darse cuenta | *** | *** | *** | obj + inf | *** | obj + ing |
to oblige, obligar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to offer, ofrecer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to omit, omitir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to order, ordenar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to permit, permitir | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to persuade, convencer | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to plan, planear | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to practise, practicar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to prefer, preferir | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to presume, suponer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to profess, expresar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to promise, prometer | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to pronounce,pronunciar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to propose, proponer | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to purpose, intentar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to quit, abandonar, dejar de | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to recall, retirar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to refuse, rechazar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to regret, arrepentirse | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to remember, recordar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to report, informar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to require, exigir, requerir | *** | *** | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to resent, molestar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to resume, reanudar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to risk, arriesgar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to save, guardar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to see, ver | inf | *** | *** | obj + inf | *** | obj + ing |
to send, enviar | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to set, colocar | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
shall/should (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to sit, sentarse | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to spy, vigilar | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to stand, estar (de pie) | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to start, empezar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to stop, parar | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | obj + ing |
to study, estudiar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | *** | *** |
to suggest, sugerir | *** | *** | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to suppose, suponer | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to take, to mar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to teach, enseñar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to tell, decir | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to trouble, preocupar | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to try, intentar, probar | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | *** | *** |
to vote, votar | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to want, querer | *** | to + inf | ing | *** | obj + to + inf | obj + ing |
to warn, advertir | *** | *** | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
to watch, mirar | *** | *** | *** | obj + inf | *** | obj + ing |
to wish, desear | *** | to + inf | *** | *** | obj + to + inf | *** |
will/would (aux.) | inf | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |